Appx-2: Major Philosophical Systems .
A. Synopsis.
- Analytic philosophy:
It is defined as contemporary linguistic analyses of
meaning in search of clarity of expression. Clarification
of the meaning of ideas dissolve many philosophical
problems. The analysis can be either philosophical
(reductive) or logical (descriptive).
The method is based on assumptions that the
philosophy is empirically uninformed, its primary
function is the analysis of the language and that
the locus of meaning is in the proposition or a
statement. Central is the formulation of definitions:
linguistic, nonlinguistic, real or contextual use of
symbols. C. J. Fox (1983) used philosophical method of
analytic philosophy in defining the semantic aspects of the
word 'information' and related terms, stressing their
ordinary use. The principles governing such an analysis is
the consistency, simplicity and systematicity.
[See also Logical Positivism]
Analytical Philosophers:
Russell, Bertrand (1872-1971)
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
Ryle, Gilbert (1900-1976)
Austin, John Langshaw (1911-1960)
Strawson, Peter F. (1919- )
- Animism :
Natural objects and phenomena have soul (spiritual aspect),
which is the principle of life and universe.
Animists:
Thales (624-550 BC)
Zeno (335-265 BC)
Leibnitz (1646-17-16)
- Behaviorism:
(a) reductive materialism explaining consciousness in terms
of overt behavior responses.
(b) American school of psychology which rejects the concepts
of mind and consciousness, restricting psychology to the
study of behavior.
Behaviorists:
Freud, Sigmunt (1856-1939)
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
Piaget, Jean (1896- )
Skinner, B.F. (1904- )
- Capitalism:
System in which means of economic production are controlled
by private individuals or groups, subject to natural,
political and social environment. Major aspect of the system
are the notions of 'individual' interest', 'profit',
'private property' and 'free enterprise'.
Capitalists:
Veblen, Thorstein (1857-1929)*
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
- Cynicism:
Anti-intellectual, nonsystematic, nonspeculative and
individualistic philosophy believing that the highest good
is the intelligent living of self-control and independence
from customs and conventions. Considered family, property,
loyalty and patriotism as false obligations.
Cynics:
Antisthenes (406 BC)
Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 BC)
- Communism:
Social philosophy restricting private rights and
possessions by consent of the whole society.
Communists:
Marx Karl(1818-1883)
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
- Culture, philosophy of:
Philosophical aspects of intrinsic values of society and
its means (tools, customs, institutions).
Culture philosophers:
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)
Vasconcelos, Jose (1882-1959)
Snow, Sir Charles Percy
- Dialectical Materialism:
The ultimate reality is material, characterized by constant
struggle of opposites. Matter (nature) is real in its own
right. Dialectical term expresses interconnectedness and
change reflecting the tensions created by social conflicts.
Dialectical materialists:
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)*
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Lenin, Vladimir (1870-1924)
- Dualism:
Reality consists only of two irreducible substances:
matter and spirit
Dualists:
Pythagoras (c.572-497 BC)
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
- Ethics: s
ee Moral Philosophy
- Empiricism:
It appeals to experience and stresses the importance of
sense experiences over thought in verification. Experience
is the sole source of knowledge, i.e., ideas and concepts
are reducible to the content of experience.
Empiricists:
Ockham, William of (c.1285-1349)
Hume, David (1711-1776)
- Evolutionism:
More complex things develop from the earlier less evolved;
the highest good is in the greatest numbe r of possibilities,
with everything tending toward a purpose or end, however not
all evolution means progress.
Evolutionists:
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857)
Darwin, Charles 91809-1882)
- Existentiali sm:
Forms do not determine existence, which makes up its own
essence. The human predicaments include among others
alienated individual in a hostile environment, anxiety,
dread of death and sense of nothingness.
Existentialists:
Kierkegaard, Soren A. (1813-1855)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Maritain, Jacques (1882-1973)
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980)
- General systems:
Arrangement of concepts in a coherent order according to
some intelligible principles, and grouping of things into
unified whole by interrelationships of their parts.
[ See also: Systems]
General systems philosophers:
Bertalanffy, L. (1901- )
Laszlo, Ervin (1932- )
- History, philosophy of:
(a) Critical philosophy of history, logical, conceptual and
epistemological analysis of the historiography.
(b) Speculative philosophy of history as a search for
meaning, pattern and nature of change, value, purposes and
meaning of
History philosophers:
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)
Comte, August (1798-1857)
I.Berlin
- Holistic philosoph y (wholism): There is a real, fundamental
difference between living (organic) and nonliving
(inorganic) activities. Organic wholes must be studied as
such, since the observable activities of its parts do not
necessarily act the same way within and outside the whole.
activities must be explained in terms of the form, totality
and unity of the whole; the activities of the parts of the
whole are explained in terms of the functions of the whole.
Holists:
David Bohm
- Humanism:
Primacy of the human factor in the universe
Humanists:
Protagoras (c.480-410BC)
Milton, John (1608-1674)
Ortega, Y Gasset Jose (1883-1955)
- Idealism:
Ideas are true reality and reality is mental, explained in
terms of the concepts such as minds, soul, selves, spirits,
ideas, absolute thoughts, and life.
Idealists:
Parmenides (fl 495 BC)
Socrates (469-399 BC)
Plato (427-347)
Leibnitz, Gottfried, Wilhelm (1646-1716)
Berkeley, George (1685-1753)
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)
Royce, Josiah (1855-1916)
Kaplan, Abraham (1918- )
- Individualism:
The doctrine of the importance of individual. In political
individual, in political economy the belief in the laissez
faire of competition.
Individualists:
Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)*
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778)
Hegel, Georg (1770-1831)
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900)*
- Intuitionism:
Ultimate truth can be obtained not by analysis but by an
immediate grasp of its content
Intutionists:
Ross, William David (1877-
)
- Language, philosophy:
Philosophical investigations of language defined as a system
of signs used in communication. Major areas of inquiry
include the origin of language, its nature and semantic
meaning.
Language philosophers:
Chomsky, Noah
- Materialism:
Only matter is real and exists as the fundamental
constituent of the universe. Everything is explainable in
terms of matter in motion. Wealth, satisfaction and pleasure
are the most important values. Historical changes are
economically determined.
Materialist:
Democritus (c.460-370 BC)
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895)*
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Lenin, Vladimir (1870-1924)
Montague, William (1873- )*
- Monism:
There is but one fundamental reality (matter, mind, energy,
form etc)
Monists:
Parmenides (6-5 BC.)
Spinoza (1632-1677)
Royce (1855-1916)
Bergson, Henry (1859-1941)
- Moral Philosophy (Ethics):
Study of judgments of approval, rightness, goodness, virtue, < P> wisdom of action, disposition, ends, objects, states of
affairs. The studies are either focusing on psychological or
sociological analysis of ethical judgment of value
(axiology) or obligation (deontology).
Moral Philosophers (Ethics):
< FONT FACE="Courier New"> Plato (428-7-348-7 BC)
Aristotle (384--322 BC)
Augustine, Saint (354-430)*
Aquinas, Thomas (1224-1274)
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
Hume, David (1711-1776)
Kant, Immanuel (1 724-1804)
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)*
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
James, William (1842-1910)
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900)+
Santayana, George (1863-1952)*
Russell, Bertrand (1872-1970)
Moore, George E. (1873-1958)
Ayer, Alfred J. (1910-1989)
Ross, William D. (1877- )
Logical Positivism:
Also referred to as: logical or scientific positivism or
empiricism. The approach based on the verifiability of the
cognitive meaning of the statement; mathematical and logical
statements are tautological; knowledge of reality is correct
only by scientific method; metaphysical statements are
meaningless, and the function of philosophy is to analyze
and clarify the meaning of concepts using logical and
scientific methods.
Logical positivists:
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef (1889-1951)
Chomsky, N.
Morris Cha rles (1901- )
Nagel, Ernest (1901- )
Ayer, Alfred Jules (1910-1989)
- Materialism:
In metaphysics matter is the ultimate reality,
consisting primarily of physical properties. In ethics
p hysical well-being is of highest value. Mind, if it exists,
is depended on matter and material changes. Every change
(activity or event) can be explained only in terms of matter
in motion and physical conditions.
Materialists:
Hobbes, Thomas (158 8-1679)
Marx, K. (1818- 1883)
Lenin, V. (1870- 1924)
- Naturalism:
The natural world is the whole of reality. There is no need
for supernatural causation, the natural world is self-
explanatory.< /FONT>
Naturalists:
Galileo, Galilei (1564-1642)
- Nominalism:
In Scholasticism the theory that abstract or general,
universal concepts represent no objective real existence but
are merely names.
Nominalists:
Ockham, William of (1280-1349)
- Personalism:
The person is the ultimate reality; every fact is contained
in some person's experience. The whole existence is an
expression of universal per sonal consciousness; persons are
irreducible elements of universe, and the life is superior
to any logical form, self is interpreted as a
phenomenological experience.
Personalists:
Schleiermacher, F.D. (1768-1834)*
Harris, W.T. (1835-1909)*
Bowne, B.P. (1847-1910)*
Royce, J. (1855-1916)
- Phenomenology:
Introspective analysis of consciousness, immediate
experiences and various forms of phenomena present in
consciousness. Kind of realism which holds that the objects
of thoughts are independent of the process by which they are
apprehended.
Phenomenologists:
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857)
Husserl, Edmunt (1859-1938)
- Pluralism:
There are more than two irreducible ultimate substances
(realities), the universe is indetermined in form, have no
unity, continuity or coherent order.
Pluralists:
Leucippus (fl.450 BC)
Democritus (460-360 BC)
Leibnitz, G.W. (1646-1716)
James, W. (1842-1910)
- Political philosophy:
Origin, nature, purpose and importance of government in
human affairs; relationships between individual and
government; value concepts of justice, equality, freedom,
liberty and political rights.
Political philosophers:
Franklin, Benajmin (1706-1790)
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
- Positivism:
The highest form of knowledge is a simple description of
sensory phenomena, often expressed in mathematical formula
rather than in psychological introspection. (Also known as
Logical, scientific empiricism or positivism).
Positivists:
Poincare, H. (1854-1912)
Durkheim, E. (1858-19170
Dewy, J. (1859-1952)
- Pragmatism:
The approach based on experience, experimental methods and
practical value. The truth of a belief is determined by its
effect in practice
Pragmatists:
Darwin, Charles, R. (1809-1882)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839-1914)
James, William (1842-1910)
Dewey, John (1 859-1952)
Mead, George H. (1863-1931)
Gandhi, Mahatma (1869-1948)
Adler, Mortimer J. (1902- )
Pepper, Stephen C. (1903-1972)
- Preformationism:
All organs and its hereditary characteristics of living
creatures already exist in the germ, either structurally or
by differentiation. (eg Leibnitz's monads)
Preformationists:
Leibnitz, G.W. (1646-1716)
- Psychology, philosophical:
context of scientific psychology, and with metaphysical or
epistemological ramifications. (Includes Psychologism:
Psychological interpretation of ethical, logical, aesthetic
or metaphysical philosophical con cepts and problems).
Psychologists, philosophical
Hartley, David (1705-1757)
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1039)
Rubakin, Nicholas (1862-1946)
Genetic epistemologists:
Piaget, Jean (1896- )
- Rationalism:
Reason is the origin of knowledge, thinking (abstract
reasoning) provides the truth about the nature of reality
and of ethical good.
Rationalists:
Heraclitus of Epheus (ca 536-470 BC)
< TT> Parmenides (fl 495 BC)
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Montesquieu, Charles de (1689-1755)
- Realism:
Principle of independence of nature from human mind; the
reality is ultimately independent of any knowledge of its
existence.
Realists:
Democritus of Abdera (c.460-370 BC)
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Bacon, Roger (c.1214-1292)
Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274)
Bacon, Francis ( 1561-1626)
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778)
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Ampere, Andre Marie (1775-1836)
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938)
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947)
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
- Relativism:
The truth is relative , all knowledge is relative to human
mind and its senses. Opposition to any theory of knowledge,
reality and conduct based on absoluteness.
Relativists:
Protagoras (480-410 BC)
Comte, A. (1798-1857)
Wund t, W.M. (1832-1920)*
Dewey, J. (1859-1952)
- Religion, philosophy:
Philosophy of religion: systematic study of religious
consciousness, their theories and historical relations in
the cultural context. It differs from theology by
Religious philosophers:
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
Gandhi, Mahathan (1869-1948)
- Science philosophy:
Study of concepts, presuppositions,
methodology of science
<
P>
and of reasoning processes, symbolic
structures and
consequences of scientific knowledge.
Science philosophers:
Ptolemy, Clausius (c.127-151
AD)
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
Galileo, Galilei (1564-1642)
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827)
Lukasiewicz, Jan (1878-1956)
Popper, Karl (1902-1994)
Mackay, D.M.
Polanyi, Michael
- Skepticism:
Human efforts to know are futile;
the state of doubting,
suspended judgement.
Skeptics:
Sextus Empiricus (ca 200 AD)
- Social science philosophy:
Study of society and its relations.
Its methodology was <
/FONT>
initially based on natural sciences,
then biology and
psychology.
Social science philosophers:
Smith, A. (1723-1790)
Comte, August (1798-1857)
Levi-Strauss, Claude
Malinowski, Bronislaw, Kasper
(1884-1942)
- Transcendentalism:
The approach stresses the superiority
of the intuitive and
spiritual over empirical and
scientific approach. It
transcends empiricism by search
for a priori principles of
k
nowledge.
Transcendentalists:
Barfield, Arthur Owen (1898-
)
- Utilitarianism:
The proposition that proper action
is one that produces
happiness to the greatest number
of people and that ethical
valu
es are determined by the
consequences of the ethical act.
Utilitarianists:
Hartley, David (1705-1757)
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
B. Examples of Contras
ting Interpretations
of Some
Philosophical Concepts
Opposing views
Intellectual, conceptual
Experiential, concrete
knowledge, (apprehension
experience (perceptual,
of ideas or concepts)
intuitive, introspective)
===========================================================
A: KNOWLEDGE: relations known between
subject and object.
.............................................
I-1: Knowledge definitions: a faculty
to abstract and infer:
Metaphysical Rationalism:
Positivism:
transcendence of empirical
Descriptive sensory
model in the mind's innate
phenomena in science as
ideas
the only valid knowledge
[Pythagora
s, Plato, Descartes
[Comte, Poincare, Dewey]
Leibnitz]
M: Interrelationships between humanities
and sciences in
library collections.
I-2: Its limits.
Cynicism:
Skepticism:
Lack of confidence
Suspended judgment
in the worth of human
subject to constant
knowledge.
testing.
[Antishenes, Diogenes]
[Ockham, Descartes, Hume]
Kant, Locke, Hume]
M: Need for a constant revision of models in the
philosophy of librarianship.
............................................................
I-3: Its meaning:
Cognitive analysis: Logical meaning
meaning asserting derived from the form
something. of the statement.
M: Definition of basic concepts in
Metalibrarianship.
............................................................
I-4: Its abstract terms
Realism: Objective Nominalism: Subjective
Abstractions; Universals utterances; Abstractions
as Platonic ideas are names only; No
Platonic Idea objective essence;
Aristotle's Form;
ante res universals. post res universals
[Machiavelli, Spencer, [Ockham]
Russell, Moore,]
M: Conceptual, contextual and procedural levels of
metalibrarianship.
............................................................I-
5:
Its scope.
Emotive Theory: Logical Positivism
Non-cognitive expressive Cognitive, scientific
meaning verified meaning
[Carnap, Ayer]
M: Distinction between artistic and scientific
communication.
............................................................
I-6: Its sources:
Rationalism: Empiricism:
Abstract reasoning prior to Experience of sense data
sense perception as the only source of
[Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, knowledge
Descartes, Leibnitz, Hegel] [Hobbes, Locke, Hume,
Mill, Poincare]
M: Metaphysical and physi cal aspects of metalibrarianship.
_________________________________________________________
B: ETHICS: Inquiry into the nature of morality and moral
acts.
.................................................
I-1: Values, its so urce:
Humanism: Naturalism:
Freedom exercised in nature Values are human made
and in society but conditioned by nature
[Protagoras, Comte] [Democritus, Galileo,
Hobbes, Voltaire]
M: Recognition of a conflict between individual and social
rights.
.........................................................
I-2: Value, its concepts.
Objectivism: Subjectivism:
Values exist independent of Values have no independent
their comprehension existence and reflect human
[Montague] feelings and attitudes
[Berkeley]
M: Bases for the librarians code of ethics.
...........................................................
I-3: Morality, its nature.
Intuitionism: Utilitarianism:
Intuitive apprehension of Right action maximizes
right action disregarding pleasure and happiness
its consequences (Principle of utility)
[Bergson, Martineau, Moore] [Bentham,
Mill, Sidgwick]
M: Distinction bet ween deontological and axiological
interpretations of right and good actions.
__________________________________________________________
C: REALITY: defined as the aggregate of all that exist apart
from appearance and consciousness.
.... ..........................................
I-1: Its appearance (to the observer) and its reality (in
itself).
Transcendental Idealism: Protagorean Relativism:
unknowable We know what we perceive
thing-in-itself. but not things perceived.
[Kant] [Protagoras]
M: Bibliothecal communication about both the appearances
and reality of the universe.
............................................................
I-2: Its attributes:
a priori a posteriori
Independent of senses, Derived from senses
necessary condition of experience, based on
experience, non-empirical veracity of experience,
[Kant]
M: Examples of a priori planning and a posteriori
implementation of the plans.
............................................................
I-3: Its growth:
< FONT FACE="Courier New">
Preformationism: Evolutionism:
Preformed organs; Genetic adaptation;
hereditary changes. phylogenetic change.
[Leibnitz] (Aristotle,
Darwin)
M: Nature of Library Info rmation Science development.
............................................................
I- 4: Its definitions
Rationalistic: Empirical:
Ultimate being, Substratum in
self-caused and which properties and
self-sustaining. qualities
inhere.
M: Rationalistic reader-book-its content (alpha-beta-
gamma) primary concepts and empirical conceptual-
contextual-procedural relationships between them.
............................................................
I-5: Its focus:
Antropomorphism Zoomorphism
Personalism: Animism:
Irreducible personal There is no difference
consciousness. between animals and human.
[Thales,
Zeno, Leibnitz]
M: Concern about overemphasis of the technology in LIS.
............................................................
I-6: Its Meaning:
Transcendentalism: Materialism:
Intuitive reality Only matter in
transcending motion exists and
empiricism. is real.
[Emerson] [Hobbes]
M: A need for balancing theoretical and practical
aspects of library informati on science.
I- 7: Its methodology:
Metaphysical: Pragmatic:
Rational study of ultimate Interpretation of ideas in
reality in itself, its in terms of their
its self-sufficient ground, consequences,
science of being as such, anti-intellectual, similar
knowledge by causes. to
scientific method.
M: Metaphysical nature of LIS philosophy and it's pragmatic
applications.
............................................................
I-8: Its na
ture:
Idealism: Materialism:
supra, non-spatial spatial, pictorial,
non-pictorial, in- corporeal, sensuous,
corporeal, supra- non-valuational, factual,
sensuous, normative, mechanistic.
valuational, teleological. [Hobbes]
[Plato, Berkeley, Leibnitz,
Hegel, Emerson, Royce]
M: Distinction between form and matter in library
information science.
......................................................... .
I- 9: Its scope:
Individual: Universal:
Concrete reality Reality exists independent
of the individual. of its awareness.
M: Communication concerning reality that is not recorded
is not the subject of bibliothecal communication.
...........................................................
I-10: Its Substance: the underlying substratums of all phenomena sough by philosophers as the primary being of things.
Monism: Dualism:
There is only one There are two independent
reality; everything and mutually irreducible
else is illusion. substances.
[Thales, Bergson, Royce, [Pythagoras, Descartes, Locke]
Montague]
Pluralism:
There are more than two kinds of
fundamental, irreducible, realities.
[Democritus, Leibnitz,
James]
M: Distinction between primary (primi tive), secondary
(qualitative) and tertiary (quantitative) concepts in
metalibrarianship.
...........................................................
D: CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN PHILOSOPHICAL
SCHOOLS:
I-1: Analytic Philosophy focuses on the analysis as the
proper philosophical method and on
clarification of statements as the
prerequisite of analysis.
Linguistic Logical
An alysis: Analysis:
Philosophy as an activity; Philosophy as propositions;
Description, elucidation; Definition, reduction,
Language as a philosophical analysis; language as a
philosophical isomorphic structure
tool-box.
of reality.
M: Words must be interpreted in their context. _________________________________________________________
I-2: Culture, philosophy of: study of intrinsic values of
society.
Culture: Civiliza tion:
Human interpretation of Universal and accumulative
the complex whole of product of science and
meanings, values and technology relating primarily
purposes in life and society. to nature rather than human.
M: Distinction between cultures and civilizations in
comparative librarianship. ____________________________________________________________
I-3: Dialectical Materialism, philosophy of: Juxtaposition
between dialectical and materialistic
approaches:
Hegelian Dialectical
Dialectics: Materialism:
Idealistic, metaphysical, social & economic opposites
logical categories and contradictions
[Hegel] [Engels,
Marx,
Lenin]
M: Metalibrarianship
Triadic methodology of metalibrarianship.
___________________________________________________
I-4: Existentialism, Philosophy of: existence prior to
essence.
Essentialism: Existentialism:
Essence of universals: Existence precedes essence
'what a thing is'. 'A
thing is'.
M: Distinction between bibliothecal communication, and
things communicated by it.
___________________________________________________________
I-5: History, philosophy of: development of people as social
beings within psychophysical causality.
Metaphysical Logical
(Meaning) (Understanding)
Their background, causes, cognitive understanding;
laws, meaning and values and laws are
motivation. discovered.
M: Historical context of metalibrarianship.
_________________________________________________________
I-6: LANGUAGE, philosophy of: conceptual analysis of
language as signs in communication
Metaphysical Epistemological
Meaning, implications Structural identity between
forms, function of symbols and facts they
ordinary language. represent in language.
< TT>M: Linguistic aspects of bibliothecal communication.
........................................................
I- 7: POLITICAL SCIENCE: Philosophy government, its essence,
origin and value and relations to individual.
Anarchism: Political Philosophy:
Abolition of political Definition of political
control. power.
[Rousseau] [Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas,
Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau
Kant,
Hegel, Narx, etc]
M: All inclusive political environment in bibliothecal
communication.
___________________________________________________________
I-8: PRAGAMATISM: philosophy of a group of associat ed
theoretical ideas about meaning, beliefs
and methods interpreted in terms of their
consequences.
Realistic Pragmaticism: Nominalistic Pragmatism:
(C.S.Peirce) (W. James)
Method of clarifying and Focus on value, morals and
determining the meaning of and religious beliefs in
signs in facilitating terms of their practical
communication consequences
M: Pragmatic nature of service disciplines such as library
information science.
___________________________________________________________
I-10:: Psychology, Philosophy of: metaphysical and
epistemological ramification in the study of mind,
consciousness, cognition and mind-body
relations.
(a) Methodology:
Structural: Functional:
Analysis of mental states Mental processes of sense
into component sensations, perception, emotion,
images and feelings, volition, thought as
description of consciousness functions of biological
as an interaction with adaptation to environment.
environment
M: Psychological aspects of library inter view technique.
.............................................................
(b) Consciousness, its meaning:
Phenomenology: Behaviorism:
Subjective inner Overt behavior
life. Responses.
[Husserl]
[Pavlow, Watson
M: Importance of body signs in communication.
........................................................
(c) Mind-body: Mental and physical states: (eg distinctions
objects).
Dualistic: Monistic:
Body as mental Mind as a bodily
processes. function.
<
TT> (Descartes, Locke, James) (Aristotle,
Hobbes, Hegel)
M: Distinction between format and content of a book.
__________________________________________________________
I-11: RELIGION: Philosophy of: nature, function and value
of religion.
Idealistic Naturalistic
human apprehension of values are human products
values as part of real expressed in biological
world itself. and physical terms.
M: Subject-matter of religious collections.
__________________________________________________________
I-12: SCIENCE, philosophy of: systematic study of the
nature, methods and presuppositions of
science and its relations to other
disciplines.
Rational inductive, Scientific, deductive,
logicomathematical, logicomathematical, conceptual,
inferential, abstract hypothesis
reasoning.
M: Relationships between humanistic and scientific < /FONT>
interpretation of library information science.
............................................................
I-13: Social sciences: disciplines concerned with the study
of human behavior.
(a) definitions of social processes
Study of essence of human Study
of society and social
being. relations.
M: Emergence of social epistemology.
......................................................
.......
(b) Economic stages in social development.
Communism:
Capitalism:
Communal ownership Private
control
of production. of
production.
[Engels, Marx, Lenin
]
M: Balancing societal and individual
bibliothecal needs in
providing library services.
............................................................
(c) Methodological issues: Aggregative
vs. configurative approaches:
Holism:
Individualism:
Focus on social wholes
Individuals as ultimate
as a macroscopic view
constituents of social
of society
world: macroscopic view
[Bergson, Alexander]
M: Balance between social and e
ngineering
aspects of LIS.
..........................................................
I-14: Systems, philosophy of: interrelated
parts unified in
a consistent whole.
System's paradigms.
Classical science:
General Systems:
Closed system, no import
Open system, exchange of
or export of matter
matter within environment
M: System approach to the theory
of library information
science.
============================================================